People Behaviour Essay Example for Free

People Behaviour Essay Methodology is concern with both the detail research methods through with data is collected, and the more general philosophies upon which the collection and analysis of data are based. In methodology there are two types of research methods in which researchers can depend on when researching. These are â€Å"Quantitative† and â€Å"Qualitative† research. Quantitative research deals with a term which August Comte came up with, â€Å"Positivism.† This quantitative research deals with more scientific research than based on theory, it focuses on scientific methods of study. Despite the considerable influence of the ‘scientific’ approaches to sociological methodology, an alternative series of interpretive or qualitative approaches has long existed within sociology. Qualitative research often collects subjective data such as information about people’s emotions, feelings and values and also isn’t structure like quantitative research. Between both the ‘Quantitative and Qualitative research’, quantitative uses questionnaire to gather data. A questionnaire is a number of preset questions that can contain open-ended, fixed choice or combination of both types of questions. In this essay it would be shown that questionnaires cannot be used to capture the truth about people’s behaviour, but to an extent. In questionnaire research the same questions are usually given to respondents in the same order so that the same information can be collected from every member of the sample. There are many methods on how to distribute questionnaires. The first method would be the postal questionnaire, as the name suggests it is mailed to the respondents with a stamped address envelope for return to the researcher. Postal questionnaires are rather inexpensive, time consuming and has little less than fifty percent (50%) of  the questionnaires posted back. This would seriously bias the researcher research, since there may be systematic differences between those who returned questionnaires than those who did not. For example, the main response to a postal questionnaire on marital relationships might come from those experiencing marital problems and wish to air their grievance. If non-respondents were happily married, the researcher would be unjustified in making generalizations about married life on the basis of the return questionnaires. Therefore the researcher would not be able to analyse the questions clearly and would not be able to analyse properly the married couples who are happy, sad, frustrated or even devoice, because of the lack of questionnaires missing from married couples. Apart from the first method, the second method has a far higher return rate than the postal. This is because it is to administer the questionnaire to a group such as a class of students or workers at a union meeting. This method is less expensive and maintains the advantage of the presence of an interviewer. However, the interviewer must ensure that the respondents do not discuss anything while doing the questionnaire, due to the researcher would like the respondent own view and not from the help of others. This would therefore give the researcher an image towards how the respondent expresses themselves towards the questions within the questionnaire. The first two (2) methods that were stated above both used questionnaires mainly the first through postal and the second has an interviewer present at the time the questionnaires were given out. This method in the other hand is done through the telephone. This is mostly used in conducting of market research for companies, but it is not usually regarded satisfactory by sociologist. According to (Aldridge and Levine, 2001), it is hard to establish rapport in such interviews, disadvantage groups tend to be under-represented in samples, it is difficult to ask sensitive questions, respondents cannot be expected to remember a wide range of possible answers to fixed-choice questions, and visual aids cannot be used. This may make the respondent very uncomfortable and due to that they would not be willing to cooperate and answer the telephone questionnaire.  Therefore this may make it very hard on the researcher due to he or she would not be able to gain a proper response from the responden t. The fourth possibility is to administer questionnaires by e-mail. According to (Geoff Payne and Judy Payne, 2004), this may be a useful way of conducting dispersed groups of people, or those who might not wish to be questioned face-to-face. For example, it has been used in a study of people who committed self-harm. Although this method has its advantages, it also has its disadvantages. A problem of this is that genuine anonymity is difficult to assure since it is possible to track the source of an emailed response. Another big problem may be that the sample is restricted to those with access to computers and may therefore be unrepresentative, although the significance of this will diminish as the number of people without email and internet fails. This therefore would be a problem to the researcher because he or she may not be able to interpret the behaviour of the respondent towards the questionnaire and also the respondent may not take on the research seriously. These things hinder the researcher from collecting data towards his or her research. There are many reasons towards why questionnaires are inappropriate to capture the behaviour of people. But there are one or two reasons that could help the research in that, but only up to an extent. The second method that was stated can be of use in this by the interviewer watching every one’s reaction towards the questionnaire. This can determine the respondent answer by the feedback he or she gave during reading the questions. In conclusion, questionnaires can be used to capture people’s behaviour but to an extent. Yet it have been shown in this essay that you cannot simply capture someone behaviour with the use of questionnaires. It is due because the respondent can lie during the questionnaire or even the researcher would not get back a proper feedback to determine the respondent answer. In the end it has been shown that questionnaires cannot capture peoples’ behaviour.

Colonialism and Imperialism in Nectar in a Sieve Essay -- Nectar Sieve

Imperialism in Nectar in a Sieve  Ã‚      The characters in the book Nectar in a Sieve had to deal with Western imperialism and they had to adapt to the changing ideas associated with Western imperialism. Throughout the book Rukmani had to struggle with her beliefs and how to cope with these changes. From the beginning Rukmani coped with these changes, from culture to her way of life, until the end of the book where even then her life was not through being changed. In the first instance Rukmani had to deal with a husband that was several castes below her. Usually if the woman was below the man she could probably do the work that he does, being used to the labor that is. Yet in Rukmani’s instance the man was below her, which meant that she was not used to hard labor. â€Å"A man is indeed fortunate if he does not marry above him, for if he does he gets a wife who is no help . . . what patience indeed my husband must have had† (14). Rukmani was fortunate to marry a kind husband, and though she had no farming experience, she became quit good at it, and made profit from her vegetable goods. At first, traditional urban life continued as it always had, but then Western imperialistic ideas began to come into their midst. It started when a tannery was established in their small village town, then white men begin building, and prostitution became a menace to their lifestyles. The tannery had been a source for income during difficult times when famine struck their livelihood. After awhile Western imperialistic ideas began to manifest themselves in her sons lives, as when they became aware of the idea of union type strikes. This occurred when the white owners were cheating them of their proper earnings. â€Å"Then one day they di... ...s. People who live in rural communities often get lost and taken advantage of in big cities, but sometimes they do manage to survive. In the case of technology and medicine the natives of the land are always suspicious and unsure if these new ideas are safe. Rukmani’s move to the city was a bad idea, because she had no idea if her son could even afford to take care of them. They should have stayed in the small town, especially since her husband was sickly and this move would, and did, kill him at the end of the book. Eventually Rukmani had to move back to her small town because of his death. Western imperialism had a negative impact on non-Western cultures at first. Nevertheless, later when the rural communities accepted Western ideas they began to adapt to them. Overall most non-western communities prospered, and grew into industrialized lands.      

Effects of the Internet Essay

â€Å"Bagozzi’s exchange paradigm has emerged as a framework for conceptualising marketing behaviour. † (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). This theory identifies the parties involved in any transaction, and the intangible and tangible entities are exchanged. By identifying the actors/parties, this theory acts as a valuable managerial tool, by helping to think what is being exchanged, and with whom. This theory has helped to see beyond the tangible products being exchanged, but to consider the intangible aspects of the transaction and all entities. The weakness of this being that it is difficult to identify all intangible entities within the transaction. The theory also states the exchange is reciprocal and mutually beneficial (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32), i. e. that the entities being exchanged are perceived to be of equal value. Furthermore, Bagozzi (1974) observed that complex exchanges could include both overt and covert coordination. Bagozzi identified three different types of exchange: restricted, generalised and complex. â€Å"Restricted exchange refers to two party reciprocal relationships†, where both parties give and receive from the other party, (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). Generalised exchange includes at least three actors, who benefit indirectly, i. e. gives to one actor and receives from another. Complex exchange is â€Å"a system of mutual relationships between at least three parties†, and is a web or interconnecting restricted and generalised exchanges (Bagozzi 1975: pp. 33). Bagozzi’s theory gave a theoretical framework that could be applied to all situations to help identify the key actors within the exchange. A disadvantage of Bagozzi’s theory being that, identifying the actors and what is being exchanged was always difficult, as this would be difficult for each transaction, and may be unforeseen. With each transaction apart from the overt exchange between the consumer and the merchant, there are a number of intangible entities being exchanged, as â€Å"people buy things not only for what they can do, but also for what they mean† (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 36). The difficulty of identifying all parties and entities was made even more difficult after the advent of the Internet. The growth of the Internet platform a phenomenon, and there is a correspondence with commerce on this platform (Swaminathan, Lepkowska-White & Rao, 1999: pp. 1-2). In 1999 it was estimated that the online shopping would grow from $11 billion to $41 billion in 2002 (National Retail Federation, 1999). Online Christmas shopping exceeding all IMRG’s expectations when $15 billion (i 7. 66 billion) was spent by British consumers alone in the ten week run up to Christmas, marking a 54% increase more than the i 5 billion spent over the same period in 2005 (IMRG, 2006). As this is such a growing method of commerce and is a large percentage of all transactions, it is important to assess Bagozzi’s theory of the exchange when applied to Internet transactions. The Internet was a portal to a global market, where firms could sell to customers anywhere in the world. Firms could operate entirely online with no costs from premises. This saving could be passed on the customer, as online prices are often less expensive than offline/in-store competitors. Customers also benefited from online shopping as it is more convenient and can buy a wider range of products from around the world. When anyone uses the Internet, information on their activities is gathered, which can be used by firms to target consumers for their products. â€Å"Personalisation is the ability to satisfy specific needs of individual customers†, and has traditionally been employed as a marketing strategy for luxury goods and niche markets, due to the high costs (Mattila, 1999: pp. 40-46). Personalisation depends on the knowledge on the individual, and the ability to satisfy their needs. The Internet has made personalisation a cheaper option, and this strategy can be used for a wider range of products. Firms now have to compete globally with other firms on the Internet, so personalisation has become a â€Å"competitive necessity† (Chellappa & Sin, 2002). Personalisation allows a firm to identify individual consumer needs and inform them of products that will satisfy them. Historically this would be the role of a salesperson to a customer in a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). Bagozzi’s theory applied well to the face-to-face transactions of the 70’s, however exchanges over the Internet are very different from the in-store transactions that Bagozzi’s theory of exchange applied to, and offer many challenges. Transactions over the Internet have more parties than traditional exchanges, as in order to access the Internet a user must use an Internet service provider. The Internet service provider gives access to the Internet, however it also logs the websites that the user has viewed. So here this could be seen as a â€Å"middle man†, who receives information on the websites visited as well as a premium, and in return allows access to the Internet. This is part of all Internet exchanges, and so it needs to be identified as a party, as the information that they receive is used to target products and services. Figure 1: Note: Adapted and altered from Bagozzi: Marketing as Exchange (1975) This is a very basic diagram of a transaction over the Internet, and as you can see it involves more parties than an offline transaction, making it more difficult to apply Bagozzi’s theory. Identifying all parties involved in a single transaction is very difficult, as there are more entities being exchanged with more parties. This diagram shows a complex exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 33). Nonetheless, the exchange is quite straightforward, as a consumer pays the merchant and expects the product/service. Due to the distance the product must be delivered involving another party, which makes the exchange a complex one (Bagozzi, 1975: pp.33). With any exchange over the Internet, information will be given to the ISP, and if there are tangible entities then a delivery service must also be a part of the exchange. This would make every exchange over the Internet a complex one, (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 33), which makes the original types of exchange redundant, as they will all be complex. For this reason, I feel that Bagozzi’s theory of the exchange types must be updated to not include the ISP or delivery service, or to view the delivery service and merchant as a single entity. Historically a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp.32), could take place between a customer and a salesperson. Over the Internet more parties are involved in a transaction, so it is difficult to distinguish between the traditional complex exchanges. Bagozzi’s theory must take delivery into account when distinguishing the exchange types. The Internet is the same market is fundamentally the same market, however advances have bridges geographical gaps and have joined the individual markets. For this reason, Bagozzi’s theory can still be applied when considering what is being exchanged between key parties, and what other parties are involved in the exchange. Nonetheless, Bagozzi’s theory has always had its flaws. The main disadvantage was it was difficult to apply to the diverse range of exchanges that take place. The Internet has made it possible to trade almost product to anyone we can access the internet, and because of this there are now more diverse transactions. For example buying a house abroad can now be done over the internet, but involves a large number of parties and is an â€Å"interconnecting web of relationships† (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 33). With larger exchanges such as this, it is very difficult to identify all entities and parties within, and complex exchanges such as this are taking places more and more due to the internet. There has always been a difficulty in identifying parties and entities within an exchange, and if this cannot be done then any judgements made will be incorrect. Bagozzi’s theory is valuable as a managerial tool as I promotes thinking about the exchange, however with exchanges involving more and more parties, not only is Bagozzi’s theory going to take longer, but is liable to have more mistakes making it worthless. For small exchanges or exchanges were the parties and entities within are clear, I feel Bagozzi’s theory is still very important, but I feel it is not easily applied to the diverse range of exchanges brought about by the internet. The Internet was an unforeseen phenomenon that has influenced the exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 39). The theory still fits the exchange process, as it hasn’t changed dramatically, however there are third parties that must be identified, such as the ISP, delivery firms, and other parties that receive information. Delivery is part of the exchange process, however this is part of the service offered by the merchant. If these were identified, it would be possible to differentiate the types of exchange as being restricted, generalised or complex. If this were done, then Figure 1 would be identified as a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). Within the exchange there is overt and covert coordination (Bagozzi, 1974: pp. 77-81), and think that majority of the third parties that collect information about the consumer’s website habits is collected covertly, however it is still part of the process. For example, the ISP’s collection of viewed websites is used for marketing purposes. Although it is not a party to the exchange, it should be recognised as a third party. References: Bagozzi, R P (1974) Marketing as an Organized Behavioural System of Exchange. Journal of Marketing, 38 (October), 77-81. Bagozzi R. P. (1975) Marketing as Exchange, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39, p32-39. Chellappa, R K and Sin, P (2002) Personalization versus privacy: An empirical examination of the online consumer’s dilemma. In 2002 Informs Meeting.

Link Crew Leader Essay

As a student, I try to achieve as many goals as possible. I have try to the best the student I could possibly be. I will admit this year wasn’t the best for me. My grades weren’t the greatest. But I don’t grades should be the only thing that determines a high school student. I think who the person is on the inside what makes a high school student. I am a very kind person. I hate injustice done on anyone. I always stand up for what I believe in. I feel everyone should be given a fair chance in anything they do. I love being able to help anyone. I love knowing something I do can change someone’s life. I use to do the Latin Club. I use to do the Earth Club. I use to do Build On. This year I have been more forced on the SATs and college. I want be a lawyer. Being able to someone is what love. The only thing I do outside of school is volunteer at the Norwalk Shelter. One challenge I faced in high school had to do with peer pressure. I was offered the chance to try weed. I knew that so many people at school did it, and I thought this was my chance to be popular. I didn’t do it. I realized those people didn’t want to be my friend. I realized that I didn’t need to be popular. I am happy with my life just the way it is. I know who my friends are and it isn’t those people. I realized I wanted to do it to become something I am not. I learned that day I should never lose my integrity. Someone once said, â€Å"Thoughts become words, words become actions, actions become character, character is everything. † I didn’t want to become that person I would have if I said yes. I wish I knew as a freshman to get involved more. When you are involved, it will help you in the long run, especially for college. Plus it is a great way to meet new people. In the lunch, I sit right across from the girl’s restroom in the cafeteria. I sit with a cool and supportive group of friends. I love them like family. There you have it, I little bit about myself. I really want to do Link Crew because you get to help people. I remember being a freshman and not having this help. I want to make a difference. To know that you can go to a person with anything is very important. I hope to be that person for a group of freshmen. Thanks for the opportunity.

Contemporary Christian Music essays

Contemporary Christian Music essays The purpose of my project was to determine the different feelings and attitudes towards Contemporary Christian music and traditional church music. Both of these genres have the same general purpose of praising and worshipping the lord. However, the general audiences and feelings resulting from this music are very different. To achieve this I interviewed members of The Bread of Life Church in Pine Bush and Most Precious Blood in Walden. Both of these churches observe the Christian faith but thus ends the similarities. The Bread of Life Church is a more casual and friendly environment. Which explains why it contains many young families and teenage parishioners. Music is a vital portion of the mass and members are encouraged to perform. No set songs are consistently involved in the masses and they are not specific to season. It is also a newly established church that relied totally on people joining it. Most Precious Blood is a formal and traditional church composed mostly of older parishioners and families well established in the area. As in most churches of this type music plays a much more minor role in the mass. Many of the songs repeat at every mass you attend and are season specific. This church originates from the initial founding of the Town of Walden. Traditional church music was written to inspire reverence and generally takes on a solemn tone. These songs were written in the days where worship was a duty and should not be enjoyed. The music of this type was basically a repetition of the Bible. Joshua, a thirteen year old from Most Precious Blood states I dont understand most of the words in the song all I know is that we sing with reverence. When asked what he felt the purpose of the music is and how he felt singing it his answers were as I had suspected. He stated that the purpose was to make them remember how much praise God deserves. Joshua said he felt not much of anything when s...

Emma Goldman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emma Goldman - Essay Example Howard Zinn’s portrayal of Emma is typical of his style. Zinn has the ability to depict history with a wit that is full of self-mocking humor. Zinn has invested his heroine Emma with all the fiery radicalism of her feminist, anarchist and free thinking ways. But all this militant posturing is toned down by revealing her honesty, nature, selflessness and courage, which make her heroics more believable. This also moves the play from a moralistic plane to one that educates. According to author Tom H. Hastings, the play shows the period of Goldmans "nonviolence and resistance to militarism", rather than her earlier "attachment to violent revolution". The first Act of the play deals with Emma’s youth, when she breaks away from the rigid conventions of her Orthodox Jewish family and enters New York. This is the city teeming with immigrants from scores of country, who colour the city with their unconventional lifestyle. It is in New York, that she meets Alexander Berkman, who was to remain her lover, as well as her comrade throughout her life. Apart from him, the play is peopled by others who helped Emma throughout her turbulent life. Helena, Emma’s sister, Dr. Ben Reitman, who is a physician with unconventional characteristics, Anna Minkin, a member from Emma’s commune, Fedya, another artist and commune member, Liz Beth, the prison muse and Emma’s sympathizer in the jail, who teaches Emma the art of being a muse and a midwife, and Vito, a worker in the sewers, are some of the other important members of the drama. This play is a document against the evil of sex discrimination and the inequality of wealth which Emma Goldman so vehemently protested throughout her life.

An Organization for immigrants in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Organization for immigrants in UK - Essay Example The organization is a charitable one with the sole purpose of enhancing smooth transition to immigrants and intends also to maximize their improvement in well-being instead of maximizing profits. Implying that there is no profit to investors (Offer,2006,p56). The organization intends to provide assistance to the increasing number of immigrants who experience many challenges in their host countries. Since we are involved in social activity, the organization must just be a charitable organization. This is because it covers a wide scope, and if left to private firms which have limited scope it cannot achieve the organization’s objective of assisting a multitude of immigrants adapt to their new environment (Ross, 2003, p57). This is clearly illustrated by PotAucek who defined a nonprofit organization as is â€Å"the sphere of social activity undertaken by organizations that are not for profit and non-governmental†. Because immigration is highly sensitive politically, it has faced several challenges especially the regulatory environment relating to immigrants. Several restrictions have been put in place by the potential host countries to limit benefits offered to imm8igrants. Specifically the UK government introduced a ‘package of restrictions’ on EU migrants such as inability to claim housing benefits, delayed access to National Health Services, lack of job seekers allowances for the first 3 months and deportation and barred the reentry for 12 months for any EU national that is â€Å"caught begging or sleeping rough† (BBC, 2013). The most suitable organization to solve these challenges and restrictions is a charitable organization but not a private one (Panayi, 1999, p111). This is because an NGO has a global outlook while a private organization simply has a national or regional publicity and hence cannot exhaustively deal with a global problem. An NGO exists as a global asset and therefore best suited to deal with immigrantsâ€⠄¢ challenges. In order to eliminate racial discrimination in the host countries, the organization needs to be a public one this because of its fair, equitable and service to all nature. Public organizations treat people equally thereby eliminating racial prejudice that could occur if the organization would have been a private one. The organization aims at ensuring that immigrants are not denied jobs and housing because their credentials are devalued (Joppke & Seidle, 2012, p91). This, however, will be achieved through the provision of residential houses to immigrants as well as helping them with job applications, for instance writing CVs which are in line with the job market demand and, helping them prepare for interviews. The organization also intends to raise awareness of the on-going issue of racial discrimination, particularly â€Å"discriminatory practices in the workplace and the community†. The other reason why this organization must just be a nonprofit organization i nstead of a private one is because it has limited funds. It, therefore, depends on contributions and donations from well-wishers to accomplish its objectives because it has limited ways of raising funds contrary to private organizations which can borrow because they are able to repay the loan from profits that they make. A nonprofit organiz