Significance of the veil in Islam

Introduction Wearing of the veil among Muslims has remained a debatable and controversial issue for decades, across the world. Different people have taken varying positions in explaining the origin and significance of the veil, which is a key symbol of identity among Muslim women. This is the case, with some of the people under this practice, unable to explain and defend the origin of Hijab. Moreover, the veil has gained massive popularity among Arab countries, as almost all women cover their faces.[1]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of the veil in Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While this is the case, some communities around the world view the use of the Islam veil as a way of oppressing Muslim women and depriving them their rights and freedom. This mindset has strongly been held by Western countries, which find no basis of the Hijab, neither in culture nor religion, but a self-imposed pract ice. This essay discusses the significance of the veil in Islam, and why it has become popular in most Islamic countries around the world. Veil Even though the word â€Å"veil† could be used to explain a wide range of headscarves and clothing, the term has found important meaning and application among Muslims throughout history. In general, a veil can be described as a piece of clothing worn by women to cover sections of the body like face and head. In most cases, veils are common among religious communities, where women are expected to wear them for various reasons, which have immensely contributed to the debates and stereotypes linked to the practice.[2] Within the context of Islam, there are several veils that are recognized, with most of them having been borrowed from the Arab countries, where Islam is believed to have originated from. Nevertheless, the veil has continued to face criticism from other cultures, which view it as a practice imposed on women by men as a way o f oppressing and promoting their power in the society. History of the veil According to historians, the veil has a strong history, with evidence showing that it was first used in the 13th century BC. During this time, the veil was mainly used by good women in the society, as other classes of women like prostitutes remained restricted from using it. Elements of women using veils were also recorded among Persians, who were mainly leaders at that time. Additionally, statues which have been discovered during the Classical and Hellenistic periods show the use of veils among Greeks, even though it was compulsory for all women to cover their face and head.[3] Unlike today where every Muslim woman covers her face and head, early Greek practices targeted high class women, who were expected to remain humble in the society. Moreover, the popularity of the veil grew in 1175, among married women, who used veils that ensured complete covering of the necks, hair, and chins. This continued until 14 85, when these veils were overtaken by the popularity of woods. Initially, sheer veils were worn by women on specific occasions or during a particular season, say, mourning a family member or in funeral ceremonies.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other instances, the veil was commonly used to hide the identity of a woman, especially in cases where she was expected to meet her future husband. Besides this, women concealed their identities in cases where they were involved in a secretive event, which was supposed to remain private. Furthermore, the veil was historically used to protect the beauty and skin of women from being exposed to harsh environmental and climatic conditions like scorching sun, strong wind, and dust. Veil in Islam Islam puts strong emphasis on the manner in which women are supposed to present themselves in the society. This is primarily guided by Hijab, which is based on presentation of women in a modest way. These headdresses are commonly known as veils, and are widely used by Muslim women all over the world. This has however been interpreted differently, with a section of Muslims arguing that veils are important in preventing women from attracting men sexually.[4] The veils come in different shapes, with others covering the head and the face alone, while others cover the entire body, from head to toe. The Hijab is the commonest, especially in Western countries. This covers the neck and head alone. However, most women outside these countries are required to use the traditional veil, mainly in the Arab World. Besides Hijab, there are other veils like the niqab, which covers the whole body, leaving tiny openings on the head to allow the person wearing it to see through. These veils have gained popularity in the Arab World even though they are common in Gulf States. They have also triggered debates in most parts of Europe, where they have been highly criticized. In some cases, a section of politicians have recommended its ban, arguing that it poses security threats by concealing the identity of Muslim women.[5] Critics further argue that the use of the veil among women affects proper communication especially in cases where the entire body is covered, leaving tiny holes for the eyes. Chador is another type of veil used by Iranian women, and in other countries in the Middle East. Unlike the niqab, chador leaves the face of a woman exposed even though the head and the rest of the body remain covered. They are mainly black in color, and are also common in countries where Islam in not deeply rooted. The last type of veil worn by Muslim women is the burqa, which covers the entire body, including the whole face. However, they are designed with a mesh on the head to allow women to see through.[6] This type is widely used in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and it was enshrined in the constitution during the reign of Taliban i n Afghanistan, between 1996 and 2001.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of the veil in Islam specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This made it criminal for women to be found in public without the veil. Despite these types of veils, it is worth noting that they drive towards the same point of covering the face of Muslim women. As a result, critics have questioned the Quranic support of the veil. What does the Quran say about clothing and Modesty? Islamic Clothing Modesty is a key component of Islam, requiring women to dress in a particular way. This is highly emphasized in cases where the woman is in public, say, in the company of strange people who might not know her or understand her religion. Importantly, Islam is composed of a host of prohibitions and conditions, which define one’s way of dressing, as dictated by Islamic teachings. Above all, the awra’ has to be completely covered, even t hough the manner in which it is done varies widely from one country to the other. According to Islamic teachings, Muslims are supposed to be careful with their appearance in terms of decency and level of dignity, for the purpose of enjoying the creation of Allah.[7] In general, clothing has two major meanings, according to Islamic teachings. Firstly, clothing is necessary to cover human body from nakedness, an element, which is upheld by human beings everywhere. Secondly, Muslims believe that clothing is an essential component that enhances beauty, especially in women. As a result, Muslims are required to cover their private parts at all times. Of great significance is the fact that Islam does not allow women to wear any type of cloth, depending on fashion; they must adhere to the teachings and standards of the religion. For instance, women ought to wear clothes, which cover the whole body and do not reveal any part. In this context, women are not allowed to wear tight clothes, whic h may arouse men sexually. Under this, Muslims are required to enjoy life, including clothing, without any signs of pride or extravagance.[8] This therefore gives the limits, within which women are allowed to present themselves in public. Among other body parts, the head has been given a lot of emphasis, when describing clothing among women in Islam. This has been the center of controversy especially in Western countries, where it is argued that this practice undermines women in the society and may promote security threats.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Generally, clothing is widely mentioned in the Quran, and explanations have been given to clarify the need for a particular code of dressing in the society.[9] The Hijab is also emphasized, requiring women to cover their heads and the entire body, using veils and headscarves. At this point, it is important to explain the importance of the veil in Islam, as it has grown to become a requirement for all Muslim women. Significance of the Veil in Islam According to Islam, the veil has immense significance, which is believed to be supported by the Quran, the holy book of Muslims. This segment discuses some of these factors, which have made Hijab to be common in the Arab World, and in other countries, where Islamic practices are observed. Firstly, the veil is considered as a sign of obedience among Muslim women. According to the Quran, men and women are supposed to obey Allah wholly by respecting his commands and responding to the message of his messenger appropriately. It is also believed that the Quran requires women to avoid looking at certain things, which have been forbidden by God. In other words, there are specific things, which Allah does not expect believing women to look at. As a sign of obedience, they are also expected to draw their veils, and avoid showing off their beauty, apart from that which has been allowed by the law.[10] Even though the veil is mentioned in the Quran and Muslim women ought to wear it, there are scholars who have differed on whether the veil should cover the entire body or not. This is based on the fact that some veils are designed to cover a woman’s body completely, including the head, face, and hands. Secondly, the use of the veil by Muslim women is considered to be a sign of being modest. According to Allah, women are supposed to cover themselves with veils whenever they are not in their houses. This ensures that they are not harassed once they get into the public.[11] Even though it is Allah who creates beauty, it is imp ortant for women to know that they can be harmed by men, when they dress in a manner that does not conform to Islam standards. However, the threat is likely to end in cases where beauty has been lost as a result of old age. Nevertheless, they are expected to remain modest regardless of their age, and whether they cover themselves or expose their heads, faces, and hands. Besides obedience and modesty, wearing of the veil is also seen as a sign of purity among Muslim women. It is believed that the Hijab has a lot of wisdom, which has to be upheld by women at all times. As a result, men and women remain pure in their hearts because they are able to communicate without being overtaken by lustful thoughts. In the absence of the veil, one’s heart may be torn between remaining pure and committing evil things, which are not acceptable in the presence of Allah. As a result, the veil helps in eliminating dirty thoughts, which commonly characterize wicked hearts. Besides being covered, communication between men and women is supposed to be honorable to avoid triggering evil thoughts. Based on the fact that the veil covers the woman’s body, it acts as a shield from external harm exposure to the sinful hearts of men. According to Islamic teachings, Muslim women who take off the veil or refuse to wear them go against God’s laws and disables Allah’s shield, which is supposed to protect them from harm. The veil is also considered as a sign of righteousness among Muslim women. It is a command that women were given by Allah after creation, in order to remain pleasing and acceptable in his sight. This has also been supported by scholars who believe that the modern world is largely driven by pride, which is demonstrated in different fashions, which fail to protect the body of a woman.[12] In other words, some of the dresses worn by women expose them to the evil eyes of men and may result into lustful thoughts. By covering their faces and the rest of the body, women demonstrate an act of righteousness, which is a requirement from God. Additionally, it is worth noting that the Quran addresses Muslim women who believe in Islam. This therefore excludes members of the public who may be in an environment dominated by Muslins. By wearing the veil, a woman demonstrates to the rest of the world that she is a believer.[13] Those who do not believe in this religion can therefore exercise their freedom by dressing in any type of attire, regardless of whether they are in public or private. Nevertheless, most Arab countries have made it a rule for all women to wear veils regardless of whether they believe in Islam or not. This is why Hijab critics believe that it is a way of oppressing women, since the Quran does not require all women in the society to use it. The only people that Allah is concerned with are those who believe and subscribe to the teachings and doctrines of Islam Another reason why wearing of the veil is common in some countries is that it is considered to be a sign of bashfulness among women.[14] In essence, this emanates from one’s belief, which is highly regarded as the Islamic paradise. By covering their bodies, Muslim women demonstrate inherent bashfulness, which is widely viewed to exist naturally in women. On the other hand, this has highly been criticized as women are intimidated, making it hard for them to fight for their rights. Hijab in non-Arab Countries Hijab is widely criticized in non-Arab nations around the world. In fact, some countries have banned the use of veils for various reasons related to security and poor communication.[15] On the other hand, several countries have integrated Muslims in their culture and accepted them, without focusing on religious beliefs and practices. In Britain, some women are seen to struggle with the British identity as they are torn between honoring the foreign nation or being loyal to their religion and mother country. The integration of Muslims in B ritain has made them to be part of the nation as they share with Britons the task of advancing the country’s economy, through development projects and as a source of labor. Many leaders also argue that there is need to embrace multiculturalism, in order to appreciate the differences in cultural and religious identities around the world. Even though the Islamic veil is not banned in the United Kingdom, the law allows learning institutions to craft their dressing codes, which may prohibit or authorize Hijab. Some people argue that the United Kingdom does not have the mandate to dictate what people should wear on the streets.[16] However, there are other groups, which have banned full veils citing cases of insecurity. Conclusion Generally, the veil is a major component of Islam, which has been carried from one generation to another. Throughout these transitions, the original meaning of Hijab has been diluted by leaders for their interests. The veil is common in the Arab World, e ven though several countries, which do not subscribe to this, have adopted the idea as a way of integrating Muslims and making them to be part of the development process.[17] Importantly, the Hijab has a wide range of implications, especially to women. Among other reasons, the veil is a symbol of purity, obedience, righteousness, and a shield from lustful eyes of men. However, some countries have used these factors to oppress women and ensure that their voices are not heard. Bibliography Ali, Syed. â€Å"Why Here, Why Now? Young Muslim Women Wearing HijÄ b.† Muslim World 95, no. 4 (2005): 515-530. Borneman, John. â€Å"Veiling and Women’s Intelligibility.† Cardozo Law Review 30, no. 6 (2009): 2745-2760. Boulanouar, Aisha. â€Å"The Notion of Modesty in Muslim Women’s Clothing: An Islamic Point of View.† New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 8, no. 2 (2006): 134-156. Bullock, Katherine. Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical Modern Stereotypes. United Kingdom: IIIT, 2002. Guindi, Fadwa. Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance. United Kingdom: Berg, 2003. Haque, Mozammel. â€Å"Solidarity on the ‘Hijaab.† I-Mag no. 6 (2005): 41. Layaquot, Hayat. â€Å"The Beauty Of ‘Hijab In Concealing Beauty.† I-Mag no. 6: (2005): 32-33. Sheikho, Mohammad. Islam! What Are the Veil, Divorce, and Polygamy For? UAE: amin-sheikho.com, 2010. Sultan-ul-Qalam, Majlis, and Lajna Imaillah. â€Å"Assessing British MP Jack Straw’s Comments Concerning Hijab in Islam.† Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. 2006. Web. Wing, Adrien, and Monica Smith. â€Å"Critical Race Feminism Lifts the Veil?: Muslim Women, France, and the Headscarf Ban.† University of California. 2006. Web. Footnotes Adrien Wing and Monica Smith, â€Å"Critical Race Feminism Lifts the Veil? Muslim Women, France, and the Headscarf Ban,† University of California, 2006. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Majlis Sultan-ul-Qalam and Lajna Imail lah, â€Å"Assessing British MP Jack Straw’s Comments Concerning Hijab in Islam,† Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, 2006. Ibid. Hayat Layaquot, â€Å"The Beauty Of ‘Hijab In Concealing Beauty,† I-Mag no. 6: (2005): 32. Ibid. Mohammad Sheikho, Islam! What Are the Veil, Divorce, and Polygamy For? (UAE: amin-sheikho.com, 2010), 9. Ibid. Ibid., p. 32. Mozammel Haque, â€Å"Solidarity on the ‘Hijaab† I-Mag no. 6 (2005): 41. Katherine Bullock, Rethinking Muslim Women and the Veil: Challenging Historical Modern Stereotypes (United Kingdom: IIIT, 2002), 3. John Borneman, â€Å"Veiling and Women’s Intelligibility† Cardozo Law Review 30, no. 6 (2009): 2745. Fadwa Guindi, Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance (United Kingdom: Berg, 2003), 10. Aisha Boulanouar, â€Å"The Notion of Modesty in Muslim Women’s Clothing: An Islamic Point of View,† New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 8, no. 2 (2006): 135. Syed Ali, â€Å"Why Here, Why N ow? Young Muslim Women Wearing HijÄ b† Muslim World 95, no. 4 (2005): 515. This essay on Significance of the veil in Islam was written and submitted by user Alison Barber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rachel Carson essays

Rachel Carson essays Hello, my name is Rachel Lousie Carson. I was born on a farm in Springdale, Pennsylvania on May 27, 1907. My mother, Maria McLean Carson was a dedicated teacher and throughout my childhood she encouraged my interests in nature and in writing. She also encouraged me to publish my first story A Battle in the Clouds in the St. Nicholas magazine while I was in fourth grade. After graduating from Parnassus High School, I enrolled into the Pennsylvania College for Women. I majored in English and continued to write but I also had to take two semesters of science, which changed my life. In my junior year I changed my major to zoology, even though science was not considered an appropriate avenue for women. After graduating college in 1928 I had earned a full one year scholarship to Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. This scholarship did not relieve me or my family of our financial burdens, so I worked throughout graduate school in the genetics department assisting Dr. Raymond Pearl and Dr. H.S. Jennings and I worked as an assistant teacher in the zoology department at the University of Maryland. In 1932 I received my masters in marine zoology. I continued working part-time as a teacher after graduating to help support my family through the early years of the Depression. In 1935 my father had a heart attack and passed away leaving me to provide for my mother. In 1936, my sister Marion passed away at the age of forty leaving behind two young daughters, and my mother encouraged me to take them in. That same year I took the civil service examination necessary for promotion to full-time junior aquatic biologist. I scored higher than all the other candidates ( who were all male) and became the first female biologist ever hired by the Bureau of Fisheries whom I was employed by for sixteen years as a My article entitled Undersea which had been published in the Atlantic Mont ...

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Breast reconstruction Essay Post-mastectomy Breast reconstruction Essay is not a simple procedure. Reconstruction of a breast is done when the natural breast has to be removed due to cancer or other diseases. Breast removal is referred to as mastectomy. The best candidates are women whose cancer has been eliminated by breast removal. Women with other health conditions such as obesity, high blood pressure or smoking, may be advised to wait. Surgeons are now able to create a breast that can come close to looking like a natural breast. Reconstruction can be done immediately following mastectomy. The patient will wake up with a breast mound already in place. So the woman does not have to go through the trauma of waking up without her other breast. A tissue expander is inserted following the mastectomy to prepare for reconstruction. The expander is gradually filled with saline through a separate tube to stretch the skin enough to accept an implant beneath the chest muscle. After the surgery the breast mound is restored. The areola is reconstructed at a later date. With flap surgery, tissue is taken from the back and tunneled to the front of the chest wall to support the reconstructed breast. The transported tissue forms a flap for a breast implant, or it may provide enough bulk to form the breast mound without an implant. Tissue may be taken from the abdomen and tunneled to the breast or surgically transplanted to form a new breast mound. After surgery, the breast mound, and areola are restored. Scars at the breast, and abdomen will fade with time, but may never disappear entirely. Your reconstructed breast may feel firmer and look rounder or flatter than your natural breast. It may not have the same shape as your breast before mastectomy, and it will not match your other breast. But the difference will only be noticeable to you. For most mastectomy patients, breast reconstruction dramatically improves their appearance and quality of life following surgery. After your surgery you are likely to feel tiered and sore for a week or two after reconstruction. Youll probably be released from the hospital in two to five days. Many reconstruction options require a surgical drain to remove excess fluids from surgical sites immediately following the operation; they are removed within the first week or two after surgery. If youd like more information on this you can contact the American Society of plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons and get a free brochure. Bibliography: .

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Tthe First Bank of the United States - Essay Example They needed to shore up their own fiscal policy and standardize a currency that could be adopted nationwide and begin to get the country off on the right financial footing. The First Bank of the United States was an effort to do this, and its charger came into effecting 1791. While certainly far from perfect, nor even ideal in the eyes of many, it was a solid first effort by the founding fathers of the nation to set the country on the right path to financial security and freedom, in addition to their newfound global independence. They also wanted to show the world that the nation was capable of not only paying back its debt, but also in handling its own internal needs moving forward. This was seen as a necessary first step towards establishing domination throughout the region and keeping potential invaders from arriving on the shores of the young country. To understand this First Bank, one needs to discuss the background of Hamilton’s Plan, the economic policy associated with the Bank, and its eventual implementation. While the First Bank of the United States was all about creating fiscal policy for the new country, it is still important to remember that it was also an actual physical building. The bank itself was built in Philadelphia, which at that time of the capital of the country. Alexander Hamilton was the brainchild behind the concept of the bank, and his desire was to implement a mechanism by which the United States, and each individual state within the union, could begin to tack its monumental debt as a result of the Revolutionary War. Prior to the creation of the bank and the implementation of its charter, coins and paper currency were actually issued by state banks, and these individual currencies combined to form the national currency. For obvious reasons, if the Union was going to succeed, they had to nationalize its monetary

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People Behaviour Essay Example for Free

People Behaviour Essay Methodology is concern with both the detail research methods through with data is collected, and the more general philosophies upon which the collection and analysis of data are based. In methodology there are two types of research methods in which researchers can depend on when researching. These are â€Å"Quantitative† and â€Å"Qualitative† research. Quantitative research deals with a term which August Comte came up with, â€Å"Positivism.† This quantitative research deals with more scientific research than based on theory, it focuses on scientific methods of study. Despite the considerable influence of the ‘scientific’ approaches to sociological methodology, an alternative series of interpretive or qualitative approaches has long existed within sociology. Qualitative research often collects subjective data such as information about people’s emotions, feelings and values and also isn’t structure like quantitative research. Between both the ‘Quantitative and Qualitative research’, quantitative uses questionnaire to gather data. A questionnaire is a number of preset questions that can contain open-ended, fixed choice or combination of both types of questions. In this essay it would be shown that questionnaires cannot be used to capture the truth about people’s behaviour, but to an extent. In questionnaire research the same questions are usually given to respondents in the same order so that the same information can be collected from every member of the sample. There are many methods on how to distribute questionnaires. The first method would be the postal questionnaire, as the name suggests it is mailed to the respondents with a stamped address envelope for return to the researcher. Postal questionnaires are rather inexpensive, time consuming and has little less than fifty percent (50%) of  the questionnaires posted back. This would seriously bias the researcher research, since there may be systematic differences between those who returned questionnaires than those who did not. For example, the main response to a postal questionnaire on marital relationships might come from those experiencing marital problems and wish to air their grievance. If non-respondents were happily married, the researcher would be unjustified in making generalizations about married life on the basis of the return questionnaires. Therefore the researcher would not be able to analyse the questions clearly and would not be able to analyse properly the married couples who are happy, sad, frustrated or even devoice, because of the lack of questionnaires missing from married couples. Apart from the first method, the second method has a far higher return rate than the postal. This is because it is to administer the questionnaire to a group such as a class of students or workers at a union meeting. This method is less expensive and maintains the advantage of the presence of an interviewer. However, the interviewer must ensure that the respondents do not discuss anything while doing the questionnaire, due to the researcher would like the respondent own view and not from the help of others. This would therefore give the researcher an image towards how the respondent expresses themselves towards the questions within the questionnaire. The first two (2) methods that were stated above both used questionnaires mainly the first through postal and the second has an interviewer present at the time the questionnaires were given out. This method in the other hand is done through the telephone. This is mostly used in conducting of market research for companies, but it is not usually regarded satisfactory by sociologist. According to (Aldridge and Levine, 2001), it is hard to establish rapport in such interviews, disadvantage groups tend to be under-represented in samples, it is difficult to ask sensitive questions, respondents cannot be expected to remember a wide range of possible answers to fixed-choice questions, and visual aids cannot be used. This may make the respondent very uncomfortable and due to that they would not be willing to cooperate and answer the telephone questionnaire.  Therefore this may make it very hard on the researcher due to he or she would not be able to gain a proper response from the responden t. The fourth possibility is to administer questionnaires by e-mail. According to (Geoff Payne and Judy Payne, 2004), this may be a useful way of conducting dispersed groups of people, or those who might not wish to be questioned face-to-face. For example, it has been used in a study of people who committed self-harm. Although this method has its advantages, it also has its disadvantages. A problem of this is that genuine anonymity is difficult to assure since it is possible to track the source of an emailed response. Another big problem may be that the sample is restricted to those with access to computers and may therefore be unrepresentative, although the significance of this will diminish as the number of people without email and internet fails. This therefore would be a problem to the researcher because he or she may not be able to interpret the behaviour of the respondent towards the questionnaire and also the respondent may not take on the research seriously. These things hinder the researcher from collecting data towards his or her research. There are many reasons towards why questionnaires are inappropriate to capture the behaviour of people. But there are one or two reasons that could help the research in that, but only up to an extent. The second method that was stated can be of use in this by the interviewer watching every one’s reaction towards the questionnaire. This can determine the respondent answer by the feedback he or she gave during reading the questions. In conclusion, questionnaires can be used to capture people’s behaviour but to an extent. Yet it have been shown in this essay that you cannot simply capture someone behaviour with the use of questionnaires. It is due because the respondent can lie during the questionnaire or even the researcher would not get back a proper feedback to determine the respondent answer. In the end it has been shown that questionnaires cannot capture peoples’ behaviour.

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Imperialism in Nectar in a Sieve  Ã‚      The characters in the book Nectar in a Sieve had to deal with Western imperialism and they had to adapt to the changing ideas associated with Western imperialism. Throughout the book Rukmani had to struggle with her beliefs and how to cope with these changes. From the beginning Rukmani coped with these changes, from culture to her way of life, until the end of the book where even then her life was not through being changed. In the first instance Rukmani had to deal with a husband that was several castes below her. Usually if the woman was below the man she could probably do the work that he does, being used to the labor that is. Yet in Rukmani’s instance the man was below her, which meant that she was not used to hard labor. â€Å"A man is indeed fortunate if he does not marry above him, for if he does he gets a wife who is no help . . . what patience indeed my husband must have had† (14). Rukmani was fortunate to marry a kind husband, and though she had no farming experience, she became quit good at it, and made profit from her vegetable goods. At first, traditional urban life continued as it always had, but then Western imperialistic ideas began to come into their midst. It started when a tannery was established in their small village town, then white men begin building, and prostitution became a menace to their lifestyles. The tannery had been a source for income during difficult times when famine struck their livelihood. After awhile Western imperialistic ideas began to manifest themselves in her sons lives, as when they became aware of the idea of union type strikes. This occurred when the white owners were cheating them of their proper earnings. â€Å"Then one day they di... ...s. People who live in rural communities often get lost and taken advantage of in big cities, but sometimes they do manage to survive. In the case of technology and medicine the natives of the land are always suspicious and unsure if these new ideas are safe. Rukmani’s move to the city was a bad idea, because she had no idea if her son could even afford to take care of them. They should have stayed in the small town, especially since her husband was sickly and this move would, and did, kill him at the end of the book. Eventually Rukmani had to move back to her small town because of his death. Western imperialism had a negative impact on non-Western cultures at first. Nevertheless, later when the rural communities accepted Western ideas they began to adapt to them. Overall most non-western communities prospered, and grew into industrialized lands.      

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â€Å"Bagozzi’s exchange paradigm has emerged as a framework for conceptualising marketing behaviour. † (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). This theory identifies the parties involved in any transaction, and the intangible and tangible entities are exchanged. By identifying the actors/parties, this theory acts as a valuable managerial tool, by helping to think what is being exchanged, and with whom. This theory has helped to see beyond the tangible products being exchanged, but to consider the intangible aspects of the transaction and all entities. The weakness of this being that it is difficult to identify all intangible entities within the transaction. The theory also states the exchange is reciprocal and mutually beneficial (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32), i. e. that the entities being exchanged are perceived to be of equal value. Furthermore, Bagozzi (1974) observed that complex exchanges could include both overt and covert coordination. Bagozzi identified three different types of exchange: restricted, generalised and complex. â€Å"Restricted exchange refers to two party reciprocal relationships†, where both parties give and receive from the other party, (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). Generalised exchange includes at least three actors, who benefit indirectly, i. e. gives to one actor and receives from another. Complex exchange is â€Å"a system of mutual relationships between at least three parties†, and is a web or interconnecting restricted and generalised exchanges (Bagozzi 1975: pp. 33). Bagozzi’s theory gave a theoretical framework that could be applied to all situations to help identify the key actors within the exchange. A disadvantage of Bagozzi’s theory being that, identifying the actors and what is being exchanged was always difficult, as this would be difficult for each transaction, and may be unforeseen. With each transaction apart from the overt exchange between the consumer and the merchant, there are a number of intangible entities being exchanged, as â€Å"people buy things not only for what they can do, but also for what they mean† (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 36). The difficulty of identifying all parties and entities was made even more difficult after the advent of the Internet. The growth of the Internet platform a phenomenon, and there is a correspondence with commerce on this platform (Swaminathan, Lepkowska-White & Rao, 1999: pp. 1-2). In 1999 it was estimated that the online shopping would grow from $11 billion to $41 billion in 2002 (National Retail Federation, 1999). Online Christmas shopping exceeding all IMRG’s expectations when $15 billion (i 7. 66 billion) was spent by British consumers alone in the ten week run up to Christmas, marking a 54% increase more than the i 5 billion spent over the same period in 2005 (IMRG, 2006). As this is such a growing method of commerce and is a large percentage of all transactions, it is important to assess Bagozzi’s theory of the exchange when applied to Internet transactions. The Internet was a portal to a global market, where firms could sell to customers anywhere in the world. Firms could operate entirely online with no costs from premises. This saving could be passed on the customer, as online prices are often less expensive than offline/in-store competitors. Customers also benefited from online shopping as it is more convenient and can buy a wider range of products from around the world. When anyone uses the Internet, information on their activities is gathered, which can be used by firms to target consumers for their products. â€Å"Personalisation is the ability to satisfy specific needs of individual customers†, and has traditionally been employed as a marketing strategy for luxury goods and niche markets, due to the high costs (Mattila, 1999: pp. 40-46). Personalisation depends on the knowledge on the individual, and the ability to satisfy their needs. The Internet has made personalisation a cheaper option, and this strategy can be used for a wider range of products. Firms now have to compete globally with other firms on the Internet, so personalisation has become a â€Å"competitive necessity† (Chellappa & Sin, 2002). Personalisation allows a firm to identify individual consumer needs and inform them of products that will satisfy them. Historically this would be the role of a salesperson to a customer in a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). Bagozzi’s theory applied well to the face-to-face transactions of the 70’s, however exchanges over the Internet are very different from the in-store transactions that Bagozzi’s theory of exchange applied to, and offer many challenges. Transactions over the Internet have more parties than traditional exchanges, as in order to access the Internet a user must use an Internet service provider. The Internet service provider gives access to the Internet, however it also logs the websites that the user has viewed. So here this could be seen as a â€Å"middle man†, who receives information on the websites visited as well as a premium, and in return allows access to the Internet. This is part of all Internet exchanges, and so it needs to be identified as a party, as the information that they receive is used to target products and services. Figure 1: Note: Adapted and altered from Bagozzi: Marketing as Exchange (1975) This is a very basic diagram of a transaction over the Internet, and as you can see it involves more parties than an offline transaction, making it more difficult to apply Bagozzi’s theory. Identifying all parties involved in a single transaction is very difficult, as there are more entities being exchanged with more parties. This diagram shows a complex exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 33). Nonetheless, the exchange is quite straightforward, as a consumer pays the merchant and expects the product/service. Due to the distance the product must be delivered involving another party, which makes the exchange a complex one (Bagozzi, 1975: pp.33). With any exchange over the Internet, information will be given to the ISP, and if there are tangible entities then a delivery service must also be a part of the exchange. This would make every exchange over the Internet a complex one, (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 33), which makes the original types of exchange redundant, as they will all be complex. For this reason, I feel that Bagozzi’s theory of the exchange types must be updated to not include the ISP or delivery service, or to view the delivery service and merchant as a single entity. Historically a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp.32), could take place between a customer and a salesperson. Over the Internet more parties are involved in a transaction, so it is difficult to distinguish between the traditional complex exchanges. Bagozzi’s theory must take delivery into account when distinguishing the exchange types. The Internet is the same market is fundamentally the same market, however advances have bridges geographical gaps and have joined the individual markets. For this reason, Bagozzi’s theory can still be applied when considering what is being exchanged between key parties, and what other parties are involved in the exchange. Nonetheless, Bagozzi’s theory has always had its flaws. The main disadvantage was it was difficult to apply to the diverse range of exchanges that take place. The Internet has made it possible to trade almost product to anyone we can access the internet, and because of this there are now more diverse transactions. For example buying a house abroad can now be done over the internet, but involves a large number of parties and is an â€Å"interconnecting web of relationships† (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 33). With larger exchanges such as this, it is very difficult to identify all entities and parties within, and complex exchanges such as this are taking places more and more due to the internet. There has always been a difficulty in identifying parties and entities within an exchange, and if this cannot be done then any judgements made will be incorrect. Bagozzi’s theory is valuable as a managerial tool as I promotes thinking about the exchange, however with exchanges involving more and more parties, not only is Bagozzi’s theory going to take longer, but is liable to have more mistakes making it worthless. For small exchanges or exchanges were the parties and entities within are clear, I feel Bagozzi’s theory is still very important, but I feel it is not easily applied to the diverse range of exchanges brought about by the internet. The Internet was an unforeseen phenomenon that has influenced the exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 39). The theory still fits the exchange process, as it hasn’t changed dramatically, however there are third parties that must be identified, such as the ISP, delivery firms, and other parties that receive information. Delivery is part of the exchange process, however this is part of the service offered by the merchant. If these were identified, it would be possible to differentiate the types of exchange as being restricted, generalised or complex. If this were done, then Figure 1 would be identified as a restricted exchange (Bagozzi, 1975: pp. 32). Within the exchange there is overt and covert coordination (Bagozzi, 1974: pp. 77-81), and think that majority of the third parties that collect information about the consumer’s website habits is collected covertly, however it is still part of the process. For example, the ISP’s collection of viewed websites is used for marketing purposes. Although it is not a party to the exchange, it should be recognised as a third party. References: Bagozzi, R P (1974) Marketing as an Organized Behavioural System of Exchange. Journal of Marketing, 38 (October), 77-81. Bagozzi R. P. (1975) Marketing as Exchange, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 39, p32-39. Chellappa, R K and Sin, P (2002) Personalization versus privacy: An empirical examination of the online consumer’s dilemma. In 2002 Informs Meeting.

Link Crew Leader Essay

As a student, I try to achieve as many goals as possible. I have try to the best the student I could possibly be. I will admit this year wasn’t the best for me. My grades weren’t the greatest. But I don’t grades should be the only thing that determines a high school student. I think who the person is on the inside what makes a high school student. I am a very kind person. I hate injustice done on anyone. I always stand up for what I believe in. I feel everyone should be given a fair chance in anything they do. I love being able to help anyone. I love knowing something I do can change someone’s life. I use to do the Latin Club. I use to do the Earth Club. I use to do Build On. This year I have been more forced on the SATs and college. I want be a lawyer. Being able to someone is what love. The only thing I do outside of school is volunteer at the Norwalk Shelter. One challenge I faced in high school had to do with peer pressure. I was offered the chance to try weed. I knew that so many people at school did it, and I thought this was my chance to be popular. I didn’t do it. I realized those people didn’t want to be my friend. I realized that I didn’t need to be popular. I am happy with my life just the way it is. I know who my friends are and it isn’t those people. I realized I wanted to do it to become something I am not. I learned that day I should never lose my integrity. Someone once said, â€Å"Thoughts become words, words become actions, actions become character, character is everything. † I didn’t want to become that person I would have if I said yes. I wish I knew as a freshman to get involved more. When you are involved, it will help you in the long run, especially for college. Plus it is a great way to meet new people. In the lunch, I sit right across from the girl’s restroom in the cafeteria. I sit with a cool and supportive group of friends. I love them like family. There you have it, I little bit about myself. I really want to do Link Crew because you get to help people. I remember being a freshman and not having this help. I want to make a difference. To know that you can go to a person with anything is very important. I hope to be that person for a group of freshmen. Thanks for the opportunity.

Contemporary Christian Music essays

Contemporary Christian Music essays The purpose of my project was to determine the different feelings and attitudes towards Contemporary Christian music and traditional church music. Both of these genres have the same general purpose of praising and worshipping the lord. However, the general audiences and feelings resulting from this music are very different. To achieve this I interviewed members of The Bread of Life Church in Pine Bush and Most Precious Blood in Walden. Both of these churches observe the Christian faith but thus ends the similarities. The Bread of Life Church is a more casual and friendly environment. Which explains why it contains many young families and teenage parishioners. Music is a vital portion of the mass and members are encouraged to perform. No set songs are consistently involved in the masses and they are not specific to season. It is also a newly established church that relied totally on people joining it. Most Precious Blood is a formal and traditional church composed mostly of older parishioners and families well established in the area. As in most churches of this type music plays a much more minor role in the mass. Many of the songs repeat at every mass you attend and are season specific. This church originates from the initial founding of the Town of Walden. Traditional church music was written to inspire reverence and generally takes on a solemn tone. These songs were written in the days where worship was a duty and should not be enjoyed. The music of this type was basically a repetition of the Bible. Joshua, a thirteen year old from Most Precious Blood states I dont understand most of the words in the song all I know is that we sing with reverence. When asked what he felt the purpose of the music is and how he felt singing it his answers were as I had suspected. He stated that the purpose was to make them remember how much praise God deserves. Joshua said he felt not much of anything when s...

Emma Goldman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emma Goldman - Essay Example Howard Zinn’s portrayal of Emma is typical of his style. Zinn has the ability to depict history with a wit that is full of self-mocking humor. Zinn has invested his heroine Emma with all the fiery radicalism of her feminist, anarchist and free thinking ways. But all this militant posturing is toned down by revealing her honesty, nature, selflessness and courage, which make her heroics more believable. This also moves the play from a moralistic plane to one that educates. According to author Tom H. Hastings, the play shows the period of Goldmans "nonviolence and resistance to militarism", rather than her earlier "attachment to violent revolution". The first Act of the play deals with Emma’s youth, when she breaks away from the rigid conventions of her Orthodox Jewish family and enters New York. This is the city teeming with immigrants from scores of country, who colour the city with their unconventional lifestyle. It is in New York, that she meets Alexander Berkman, who was to remain her lover, as well as her comrade throughout her life. Apart from him, the play is peopled by others who helped Emma throughout her turbulent life. Helena, Emma’s sister, Dr. Ben Reitman, who is a physician with unconventional characteristics, Anna Minkin, a member from Emma’s commune, Fedya, another artist and commune member, Liz Beth, the prison muse and Emma’s sympathizer in the jail, who teaches Emma the art of being a muse and a midwife, and Vito, a worker in the sewers, are some of the other important members of the drama. This play is a document against the evil of sex discrimination and the inequality of wealth which Emma Goldman so vehemently protested throughout her life.

An Organization for immigrants in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Organization for immigrants in UK - Essay Example The organization is a charitable one with the sole purpose of enhancing smooth transition to immigrants and intends also to maximize their improvement in well-being instead of maximizing profits. Implying that there is no profit to investors (Offer,2006,p56). The organization intends to provide assistance to the increasing number of immigrants who experience many challenges in their host countries. Since we are involved in social activity, the organization must just be a charitable organization. This is because it covers a wide scope, and if left to private firms which have limited scope it cannot achieve the organization’s objective of assisting a multitude of immigrants adapt to their new environment (Ross, 2003, p57). This is clearly illustrated by PotAucek who defined a nonprofit organization as is â€Å"the sphere of social activity undertaken by organizations that are not for profit and non-governmental†. Because immigration is highly sensitive politically, it has faced several challenges especially the regulatory environment relating to immigrants. Several restrictions have been put in place by the potential host countries to limit benefits offered to imm8igrants. Specifically the UK government introduced a ‘package of restrictions’ on EU migrants such as inability to claim housing benefits, delayed access to National Health Services, lack of job seekers allowances for the first 3 months and deportation and barred the reentry for 12 months for any EU national that is â€Å"caught begging or sleeping rough† (BBC, 2013). The most suitable organization to solve these challenges and restrictions is a charitable organization but not a private one (Panayi, 1999, p111). This is because an NGO has a global outlook while a private organization simply has a national or regional publicity and hence cannot exhaustively deal with a global problem. An NGO exists as a global asset and therefore best suited to deal with immigrantsâ€⠄¢ challenges. In order to eliminate racial discrimination in the host countries, the organization needs to be a public one this because of its fair, equitable and service to all nature. Public organizations treat people equally thereby eliminating racial prejudice that could occur if the organization would have been a private one. The organization aims at ensuring that immigrants are not denied jobs and housing because their credentials are devalued (Joppke & Seidle, 2012, p91). This, however, will be achieved through the provision of residential houses to immigrants as well as helping them with job applications, for instance writing CVs which are in line with the job market demand and, helping them prepare for interviews. The organization also intends to raise awareness of the on-going issue of racial discrimination, particularly â€Å"discriminatory practices in the workplace and the community†. The other reason why this organization must just be a nonprofit organization i nstead of a private one is because it has limited funds. It, therefore, depends on contributions and donations from well-wishers to accomplish its objectives because it has limited ways of raising funds contrary to private organizations which can borrow because they are able to repay the loan from profits that they make. A nonprofit organiz